Anna Kramers, Örjan Svane

Title

ICT applications for energy efficiency in buildings

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm.
ISSN:1654-479X, TRITA-SUS 2011:3

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Maria Enroth
Clara Borggren
Åsa Moberg

Title

Klimatpåverkan från konceptet Klimatsmart pocket

Published in

Rapport från KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm.
ISSN:1654-479X
TRITA-SUS 2011:2

Sammanfattning

Idén med konceptet Klimatsmart pocket är att producera pocketböcker utgivna inom varumärkena Bonnier Pocket och Månpocket på ett sådant sätt att miljöhänsyn tas vid val av produktutformning, material, processteg och leverantörer. Särskilt viktigt har varit att välja miljöanpassade papper med låg klimatpåverkan för produktionen. Miljöpåverkan från Klimatsmart pocket har kvantifierats genom beräkning av klimatpåverkan baserat på en typproduktion. Denna beräkning presenteras i föreliggande studie.

Beräkningen av klimatpåverkan har i princip utförts i enlighet med rekommendationer för beräkningar av klimatgasutsläpp från den europeiska branschorganisationen Intergraf (Intergraf 2010) och den internationella standarden GHG protocol (WBCSD och WRI, 2004). Även intentioner i den brittiska standarden PAS 2050:2008 (BSI 2008) har följts i möjligaste mån.

Den studerade pocketboken är en typprodukt med 320 sidor (0,17 kg/ex). Studien är en ”cradle to gate” analys (”vagga till grind” analys) vilket i detta fall innebär att produktens belastning från råvaruuttag till bokhandel har inkluderats. De livscykelsteg som har inkluderats i beräkningen är följande: skogsbruk, massa- och pappersproduktion, transport av skogsråvara och massa, transport av papper från pappersbruk till tryckeri, redaktionellt arbete, tryckning och efterbehandling samt distribution av produkt till bokhandel.

Total klimatpåverkan för den aktuella produktionen har beräknats till 1960 kg CO₂ekvivalenter. Detta innebär ett utsläpp av 0,73 kg CO₂ekvivalenter/kg produkt eller 0,12 kg CO₂ekvivalenter/pocketbok. Nyckeltalet 0,73 kg CO₂ekvivalenter/kg produkt kan användas för uppskattning av klimatpåverkan från andra produktioner av Klimatsmart pocket förutsatt att pappersval och produktionsförhållanden är desamma.

Klimatpåverkan från Klimatsmart pocket kan jämföras med uppgifter om utsläpp av klimatgaser motsvarande 0,70-9,5 kg CO₂ekv/kg produkt för olika typer av tryckta produkter (Enroth 2010, Moberg 2010, Pihkola et al 2010). Dessa jämförande data gäller förutom olika typer av produkter även olika trycktekniker, något olika systemgränser samt produktion i olika delar av världen. Klimatpåverkan från föreliggande produktion, 0,73 kg CO₂ekv/kg produkt, är förhållandevis låg även om det inte är direkt jämförbara studier. Detta beror till stor del på produkttypen samt på val av papper med låg klimatpåverkan från miljöanpassade produktionsställen.

För den studerade pocketproduktionen är det papper inklusive skogsbruk och massaproduktion (39%), distribution av produkt till bokhandel (20%) samt tryckning och efterbehandling (15%) som bidrar mest till klimatpåverkan.

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Jorge Luis Zapico, Marko Turpeinen

Title

Persuasive services – Using ICT for communicating sustainability

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm.
ISSN:1654-479X, TRITA-SUS 2011:1

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Lundqvist, Torbjörn

Title

Visioner om IKT i arbetslivet – från distansarbete till arbete när som helst och var som helst?

Published in

Arbetsrapport/Working paper, Institutet för Framtidsstudier 2010:14, Stockholm.
ISSN: 1652-120X
ISBN: 978-91-85619-75-7

Abstract

This report discusses various aspects of telework and virtual organization based on international research. Visions of a future, where a large proportion of the workforce is working on a distance from the office, have been around since the 1970s. However, telework has not received the extent that many believed and hoped it will. Research in this area shows that there are barriers to overcome before telework will develop into a dominating phenomenon in the labor market. However, the technical progress in ICT has also led to new visions of a working life where people work anytime from anywhere. Work is becoming increasingly mobile. Probably we will see an evolutionary trend towards greater flexibility, including telework and virtual organizations, as a long-term effect of the IT revolution.

Sammanfattning

I den här rapporten diskuteras olika aspekter av distansarbete och virtuell organisation utifrån den internationella forskningen. Visionerna om en framtid där en stor del av arbetskraften arbetar på distans har funnits sedan 1970-talet. Distansarbetet har inte fått den omfattning som många trott och hoppats på. Forskningen på området visar att det finns hinder för att distansarbete ska utvecklas till ett betydande fenomen på arbetsmarknaden. Men den tekniska utvecklingen inom IKT har också lett till nya visioner om ett arbetsliv där man arbetar när som helst från var som helst. Arbetet blir alltmer mobilt genom att tekniken gör det möjligt att ta det med när vi förflyttar oss. Sannolikt kommer vi att se en evolutionär utveckling mot ökad flexibilitet som ett långsiktigt resultat av IT-revolutionen och gradvis normalisering av distansarbete och virtuell organisation.

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Henriksson, Greger (KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications)
Kupersmidt, Judith (KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications)
Jorman, Sofia (Ericsson ConsumerLab)
Björn, Michael (Ericsson ConsumerLab)

Title

När kommer bussen? Realtidsinformation i mobilen via optiska taggar

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm.
ISSN:1654-479X
TRITA-SUS 2010:1

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Moberg, Åsa (KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications)
Picha, Malin (TU – The Swedish Media Association)
Erlandsson-Segerström, Birgitta (TeliaSonera)
Karagianni, Catherine (TeliaSonera)
Malmodin, Jens (Ericsson)
Wiklund, Lennart (Bonnier Group)

Title

Using a life cycle perspective to assess potential social impacts of ICT services – a pre-study.

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm.
ISSN:1654-479X
TRITA-SUS 2009:1

Abstract

Buying that new mobile phone may make your life easier, provide continuous access to the net and change your image, but what social impact will your action have on others? Different stakeholders along the life cycle of the mobile phone will be affected, in positive and negative ways. Who is responsible and how can we know the impact?

Handling environmental impact with a life cycle perspective, for example using life cycle assessment (LCA), is today common practice. A similar technique for social impact, social and socio-economic LCA (S-LCA) is under development (Benoit and Mazijn, 2009). The aim of the current pre-study was to consider the use of S-LCA for information and communication technology (ICT) services to learn more about the product and facilitate consideration of social impact in different decision-making situations.

From a company perspective, social responsibility is handled in various ways, often under the heading of CSR, corporate social responsibility. Firstly, the company’s own employees are easily targeted and acted on by providing good working conditions, fair wages and working hours, etc. Considering social impact throughout a product’s life cycle is the next step and here measures and responsibilities are less clear-cut.  How is a product distributed (supply chain), how is it used and how is it finally disposed? Different stakeholders are differently affected, positively and negatively.

Four companies and organisations, all partners in the Centre for Sustainable Communications, took part in this study. They currently have different experiences and degrees of activity regarding social responsibility. The telecommunications companies, Ericsson and TeliaSonera, have started to consider social aspects in their supply chain and for their consumers. Social aspects are not only considered in terms of impact of the company management but also of impact related to products (goods and services). The media organisations (Bonnier Group and the Swedish Media Association) have not handled social aspects to the same extent as the telecommunications companies, but of course their products also give rise to social impact throughout their life cycles.

To enable a discussion on the usability of S-LCA, a simplified test was carried out, inspired by the ongoing work on including social aspects into LCA within the UNEP-SETAC Life Cycle Initiative (Benoit and Mazijn, 2009). This screening test was based on a selection of published and readily available information on potential social impacts along the life cycle of two defined ICT services. The goal was not to provide an assessment of social impact, but rather to give a rough sketch and reflect on possibilities and limitations with the method. The two ICT services in the test were mobile news and video conferencing, provided by a newspaper company and a telecommunications company respectively. An interesting feature of both these services was that the company providing the service was not providing the electronic device, the hardware platform of the service. This gives one more dimension in the consideration of who is responsible for social impacts with a life cycle perspective.

There was a lot of information available on potential social impact for parts of the respective life cycles. This kind of information is gathered by scientists, NGOs and others. A small share of the information was compiled for the selected stakeholder groups: worker and consumer. This information indicated that there are social impacts all along the life cycle and that these may be positive or negative and of differing magnitude. As stakeholders become aware of the possible negative social impact, increasing engagement from organizations and companies in social responsibility will be requested.

When companies start to consider social impacts in the supply chain, it is expected to be easier to reach the first and second tier of suppliers. However, ILO (2007) has established that the workers at the beginning of the supply chain (farthest away from the end-product) are generally the most disadvantaged. In some cases, handling e-waste is also leading to major negative social impacts. Raw material acquisition and waste management may have large implications on the social impact related to a product, with best case or worst case possibly leading to significantly different results. A life cycle perspective would facilitate identification of improvement potential.  A key question is who is responsible, or rather who will accept responsibility.

As there is information available for parts of the processes and stakeholders throughout the life cycle of the ICT services studied, the question remains how this information can be used by companies providing products for end-consumers. This pre-study indicates that it can be useful to apply a life cycle perspective and compile data in relation to a specific product also when considering potential social impacts. This would facilitate the inclusion of processes and stakeholders for example at the beginning of the life cycle, where impact may be considerable and negative, and make these more visible. Development of S-LCA is thus interesting in order to provide transparent and ‘standardised’ assessments of potential social impact. By providing guidelines or standards, the assessments of social impact could be interpreted and criticised more easily. The possibilities for using S-LCA to increase knowledge and ultimately improve social conditions should be further studied and developed.

In the field of S-LCA there is plenty of future research to be carried out, examples of which are provided by Benoit and Mazijn (2009). One important way of getting more experience and enabling further development of the method and its practice is through performing case studies. ICT products would be an interesting field for this.

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Borggren, Clara & Moberg, Åsa

Title

Pappersbok och elektronisk bok på läsplatta – en jämförande miljöbedömning.

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm.
ISSN:1654-479X
TRITA-SUS 2009:2

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Moberg, Åsa
Johansson, Martin
Finnveden, Göran
Jonsson, Alex

Title

Screening environmental life cycle assessment of printed, web based and tablet e-paper newspaper.

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm, 2009 (Second edition).
TRITA-SUS 2007:1
ISSN: 1654-479X

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Moberg, Åsa
Hedberg, Leif
Henriksson, Greger
Räsänen, Minna
Westermark, Mary

Title

Hållbarhetsbedömning av en medierad tjänst – en pilotstudie (Swedish only)

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm.
TRITA-SUS 2008:1
ISSN:1654-479X

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Moberg, Å., Borggren, C., Finnveden, G. and Tyskeng, S.

Title

Effects of a total change from paper invoicing to electronic invoicing in Sweden. A screening life cycle assessment focusing on greenhouse gas emissions and cumulative energy demand.

Published in

Report from the KTH Centre for Sustainable Communications, Stockholm 2008.
TRITA-SUS 2008:3
ISSN:1654-479X

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